CSS Advanced Notes

CSS Border

Border Radius

border-radius:

不支持负值.
圆角以外的区域不可点击, 无法响应 click 事件.
没有继承性: 因此父元素设置 border-radius, 子元素依然是直角效果. 可以给父元素设置 overflow:hidden 让子元素视觉上表现为圆角.
支持 border-collapse 设置为 separate 的 table/inline-table/table-cell 元素.
每角都支持单独设置 水平半径 / 垂直半径: <length-percentage>{1, 4} [/ <length-percentage>{1,4}]?.

.box {
  /* 左上 右上+左下 右下 / 左上 右上+左下 右下 */
  border-radius: 10px 5px 2em / 20px 25px 30%;

  /* 左上+右下 右上+左下 / 左上 右上 右下 左下 */
  border-radius: 10px 5% / 20px 25em 30px 35em;

  /* 水平半径 垂直半径 */
  border-top-left-radius: 30px 50%;

  /* 水平半径 垂直半径 */
  border-bottom-left-radius: 20% 15px;
}

Border Radius

圆角曲线重叠时, 所有圆角半径都缩小至 $f$ 倍:

f = \min\left( \frac{\text{Length}_{\text{horizontal}}}{\sum^{\text{horizontal}}_{\text{radius}}}, \frac{\text{Length}_{\text{vertical}}}{\sum^{\text{vertical}}_{\text{radius}}} \right)

.w-150px-h-100px {
  /* f = min(0.50, 0.50) = 0.50 */
  border-radius: 100%;
  border-radius: 75px / 50px;

  /* f = min(0.50, 0.33) = 0.33 */
  border-radius: 150px;
  border-radius: 50px;
}

Border Color

Alpha Border

半透明边框:

.box {
  background: white;
  background-clip: padding-box;
  border: 10px solid hsl(0deg 0% 100% / 50%);
}

Transparent Border

利用透明边框扩大元素点击区域, 并利用 background-clip: padding-box 隐藏边框:

.icon-clear {
  width: 16px;
  height: 16px;
  background-clip: padding-box;
  border: 11px solid transparent;
}

Border Style

利用 solid border 模拟链接下划线:

.link {
  padding-bottom: 5px;
  text-decoration: none;
  border-bottom: 1px solid;
}

Border Image

border-image:

以九宫格为基本模式, content-box 为九宫格中间格子.
可以结合 clip-path 裁剪边框.
可用于实现自定义边框: 渐变边框, 条纹边框, 虚线边框.
<'border-image-source'> || <'border-image-slice'> / <'border-image- width'> / <'border-image-outset'> || <'border-image-repeat'>.

.box {
  border-image: url('./grid-nine.svg') 54 33.33% 33.33% 54 / 10px 20px 30px 1 /
    1 30px 20px 10px round space;
}

.border-linear-gradient {
  clip-path: inset(0 round 10px);
  border-style: solid;
  border-image: linear-gradient(deepskyblue, deeppink) 20 / 10px;
}

.border-radial-gradient {
  clip-path: inset(0 round 10px);
  border-style: solid;
  border-image: radial-gradient(deepskyblue, deeppink) 20 / 10px;
}

.border-stripe {
  border: 12px solid;
  border-image: repeating-linear-gradient(
      -45deg,
      red,
      red 5px,
      transparent 5px,
      transparent 10px
    ) 12;
}

.border-dashed {
  border: 1px dashed deepskyblue;
  border-image: repeating-linear-gradient(
      135deg,
      deepskyblue,
      deepskyblue 5px,
      transparent 5px,
      transparent 10px
    ) 1;
}

Border Collapse

table,
tr,
td {
  border: 1px solid #666;
}

table {
  border-collapse: collapse;
}

Box Decoration Break

box-decoration-break:

Control background/border/border-image/box-shadow/clip-path/margin/padding styles when lines break.
slice: initial value, 断开部分样式直接切割.
clone: 断开部分样式独立渲染.

Multiple Border

Multiple border:

border.
outline.
background gradient:
- linear-gradient border.
- conic-gradient border.
box-shadow.
clip-path.
Pseudo element.
SVG stroke-dasharray.

CSS Outline

outline:

initial value: medium none currentcolor.
outline do not take up space, it overlap margins and surrounding elements.
outline do not change element size and position.
outline is same on all sides.

.input {
  outline: none;
}

.input:focus {
  border-color: var(--highlight);
}

.button:focus-visible {
  outline: 1px solid #000;
  outline-offset: 3px;
}

.button:focus:not(:focus-visible) {
  outline: none;
}

.image:active {
  outline: 50px solid rgb(0 0 0 / 10%);
  outline-offset: -50px;
}

CSS Shadow

Text Shadow

`text-shadow:

none.
<shadow-text>#: <length>{2,3} && <color>?.
- 支持多重阴影.
- 不支持内阴影.
- <length>{2,3}: 不支持扩展阴影 offset-x offset-y blur-radius.
- <color>?: default revert (user agent color).

:root {
  --colo: #c0c0c0;
  --br-shadow: -6px 6px 15px rgb(0 0 0 / 50%);
  --tl-shadow: 6px -6px 15px rgb(255 255 255/ 80%);
}

body {
  background: var(--color);
}

/* 新拟物文字 */
.neumorphic-text {
  color: var(--color);
  text-shadow: var(--br-shadow), var(--tl-shadow);
}

/* 印刷文字 */
.press-text {
  color: hsl(210deg 13% 75%);
  text-shadow: 0 -1px 1px black;
  background: hsl(210deg 13% 40%);
}

/* 描边文字 */
.stroked-text {
  color: white;
  text-shadow:
    1px 1px black,
    -1px -1px black,
    1px -1px black,
    -1px 1px black;
}

/* 发光文字 */
.glow-text {
  color: #ffc;
  text-shadow:
    0 0 0.1em,
    0 0 0.3em;
  background: #203;
}

/* 凸起文字 */
.extruded-text {
  color: white;
  text-shadow:
    0 1px hsl(0deg 0% 85%),
    0 2px hsl(0deg 0% 80%),
    0 3px hsl(0deg 0% 75%),
    0 4px hsl(0deg 0% 70%),
    0 5px hsl(0deg 0% 65%),
    0 5px 10px black;
  background: #58a;
}

/* 复古文字 */
.retro-text {
  color: white;
  text-shadow:
    1px 1px black,
    2px 2px black,
    3px 3px black,
    4px 4px black,
    5px 5px black,
    6px 6px black,
    7px 7px black,
    8px 8px black;
  background: hsl(0deg 50% 45%);
}

Box Shadow

box-shadow:

none.
<shadow>#: inset? && <length>{2,4} && <color>?.
- 支持多重阴影.
- inset?: 支持内阴影.
- <length>{2,4}: 支持扩展阴影 offset-x offset-y blur-radius spread-radius.
- <color>?: default currentcolor (text computed color).

Basic Box Shadow

.box {
  /* offset-x | offset-y | blur-radius | color */
  box-shadow: 10px 5px 5px black;

  /* offset-x | offset-y | blur-radius | spread-radius | color */
  box-shadow: 2px 2px 2px 1px rgb(0 0 0 / 20%);
}

Side Box Shadow

Bottom side box shadow:

.box {
  box-shadow: 0 5px 4px -4px black;
}

Right and bottom sides box shadow:

.box {
  box-shadow: 3px 3px 6px -3px black;
}

Two opposite sides box shadow:

.box {
  box-shadow:
    5px 0 5px -5px black,
    -5px 0 5px -5px black;
}

Inset Box Shadow

模拟边框:

.button-ghost {
  background-color: #fff;

  /* 模拟边框: 左 右 上 下 */
  box-shadow:
    inset 1px 0 #a2a9b6,
    inset -1px 0 #a2a9b6,
    inset 0 1px #a2a9b6,
    inset 0 -1px #a2a9b6;
}

模拟背景:

.button:active {
  box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 999px rgb(0 0 0 / 10%);
}

Neumorphic Box Shadow

Neumorphic box shadow:

.neumorphic {
  box-shadow:
    -10px -10px 15px rgb(255 255 255 / 50%),
    10px 10px 15px rgb(70 70 70 / 12%);
}

.neumorphic:active {
  box-shadow:
    inset -10px -10px 15px rgb(255 255 255 / 50%),
    inset 10px 10px 15px rgb(70 70 70 / 12%);
}

CSS Background

Background Color

background-color:

<color>: initial value transparent.
background shorthand property: background-color value only be included in last layer specified.

Background Image

background-image:

url().
image-set([<image> <resolution>]#).
linear-gradient().
radial-gradient().
conic-gradient().
语法越靠后的背景图像的层叠等级越低: background 一般设置为 background-image# background-color.

Multiple Background Image

.image-set {
  width: 128px;
  height: 96px;
  background: url('fallback.jpg');
  background: image-set(
    url('w128px.jpg') 1x,
    url('w256px.jpg') 2x,
    url('w512px.jpg') 3x
  );
  background-size: cover;
}

Background Repeat

.background-repeat {
  /* Keyword values */
  background-repeat: repeat-x;
  background-repeat: repeat-y;
  background-repeat: repeat;
  background-repeat: space;
  background-repeat: round;
  background-repeat: no-repeat;

  /* Two-value syntax: horizontal | vertical */
  background-repeat: repeat space;
  background-repeat: repeat repeat;
  background-repeat: round space;
  background-repeat: no-repeat round;
}

Background Position

Percentage background position (<position> type):

X offset value = (container width - image width) * (position x%).
Y offset value = (container height - image height) * (position y%).

/* Keyword values */
background-position: top;
background-position: bottom;
background-position: left;
background-position: right;
background-position: center;

/* <percentage> values */
background-position: 25% 75%;

/* <length> values */
background-position: 0 0;
background-position: 1cm 2cm;
background-position: 10ch 8em;

/* Multiple images */
background-position:
  0 0,
  center;

/* Edge offsets values */
background-position: bottom 10px right 20px;
background-position: right 3em bottom 10px;
background-position: bottom 10px right;
background-position: top right 10px;

Background Clip

指定背景显示范围:

border-box.
padding-box: 虽然 border 层叠等级高于 background, 但是透明边框在视觉上仍会被有色背景覆盖 (背景会延伸至边框下方). 设置 background-clip: padding-box 可用于保证 border-color: transparent 不被 background-color: white 视觉覆盖.
content-box.
text: 可用于实现渐变文字/镂空文字/背景蒙版文字.

@property --offset {
  syntax: '<length>';
  inherits: false;
  initial-value: 5px;
}

@keyframes move {
  to {
    --offset: 15px;
  }
}

p {
  color: #000;
}

/* 同心圆外扩动画 */
p:hover {
  color: transparent;
  background: repeating-radial-gradient(
    circle at 0 0,
    #000 calc(var(--offset) - 5px),
    #000 var(--offset),
    #fff var(--offset),
    #fff calc(var(--offset) + 5px)
  );
  background-clip: text; /* -webkit-background-clip: text; */
  animation: move 0.5s infinite linear;
}

可以利用多重背景实现 border-image:

background: linear-gradient(white, white) padding-box, var(--repeating-stripe-gradient), 语法靠前的 padding-box 白色背景处于高层, 遮住大部分条纹背景, 导致条纹背景只显示在 border 区域, 从而模拟实现 border-image 效果.

.stripe-border {
  padding: 1em;
  background:
    linear-gradient(white, white) padding-box,
    repeating-linear-gradient(
        -45deg,
        red 0,
        red 12.5%,
        transparent 0,
        transparent 25%,
        #58a 0,
        #58a 37.5%,
        transparent 0,
        transparent 50%
      ) 0 / 5em 5em;
  border: 1em solid transparent;
}

Background Origin

指定背景绘制起点:

padding-box.
border-box.
content-box.
影响 background-size: <percentage> 大小.
影响 background-position 定位.
影响起点两侧背景样式细节.

Background Size

background-size:

auto{1,2}:
- 具有 intrinsic size 的背景 (e.g 位图), computed to [intrinsic size, intrinsic size].
- 具有一个方向 intrinsic size, 具有 intrinsic ratio 的背景 (e.g 矢量图), computed to [intrinsic size, intrinsic size * intrinsic ratio].
- 具有一个方向 intrinsic size, 不具有 intrinsic ratio 的背景 (e.g 矢量图), computed to [intrinsic size, extrinsic size].
- 不具有 intrinsic size, 具有 intrinsic ratio 的背景 (e.g 矢量图), computed to contain (等比例缩放).
- 不具有 intrinsic size, 不具有 intrinsic ratio 的背景 (e.g CSS gradient), computed to [extrinsic size, extrinsic size].
cover: 等比例裁剪, 部分图像会裁剪.
contain: 等比例缩放, 部分区域会留白.
<length-percentage>{1,2}:
- <percentage>: calculate by extrinsic size and background-origin box.

.background-size {
  background-size: cover;
  background-size: contain;
  background-size: 100%;
  background-size: 20px;
  background-size: auto 100%;
  background-size: auto 20px;
  background-size: 100% 100%;
  background-size: 20px 20px;
}

.video {
  min-width: 100%;
  min-height: 100%;
  overflow: hidden;
  background-size: cover;
}

Background Attachment

background-attachment:

scroll: scrolls with main view, but stays fixed inside local view.
local: scrolls both with main view and local view.
fixed: stays fixed no matter what.

Background Scroll View

对于可以滚动的元素 (overflow: scroll):

当 background-attachment: scroll 时, 背景图不会随元素内容的滚动而滚动 (fixed inside local view).
当 background-attachment: local 时, 背景图会随元素内容的滚动而滚动 (scroll with local view).

滚动阴影:

/**
 * 纯白渐变背景随列表滚动而滚动, 灰度渐变背景不随列表滚动而滚动.
 * 列表滚动时, 纯白渐变背景移出视口, 露出灰度渐变背景.
 */
.scrollable-list {
  background: linear-gradient(#fff 30%, transparent), radial-gradient(at 50% 0, rgb(0
          0 0 / 20%), transparent 70%);
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  background-attachment: local, scroll;
  background-size:
    100% 50px,
    100% 15px;
}

Background Parallax Effect

Implement scroll parallax effect background-attachment: fixed:

/* parallax effect */
body {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100vh;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
}

.parallax {
  min-height: 60%; /* key */
  background-image: url('./images/bg.jpg');
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  background-attachment: fixed; /* key */
  background-position: center;
  background-size: cover;
}

CSS Gradient

Color Stop List

<color-stop-list>, [<linear-color-stop> [, <linear-color-hint>]?]#, <linear-color-stop>:

<linear-color-stop>: <color> <length-percentage>{1,2}?.
<linear-color-hint>: <length-percentage>, 改变颜色的转换点位置.
<length-percentage>: <length> | <percentage>.

<angular-color-stop-list>, [<angular-color-stop> [, <angular-color-hint>]?]#, <angular-color-stop>:

<angular-color-stop>: <color> && <angle-percentage>{1,2}?.
<angular-color-hint>: <angle-percentage>, 改变颜色的转换点位置.
<angle-percentage>: <angle> | <percentage>.

Color Stop Position

若后一个色标的位置值为 0, 则它的位置总是会被浏览器调整为前一个色标的位置值:

/* 条纹形状 */
.stripe {
  background: linear-gradient(yellow 30%, blue 0);
  background: linear-gradient(yellow 33.3%, blue 0 66.6%, yellowgreen 0);
  background-size: 100% 45px;
}

Linear Gradient

Linear gradient:

[<angle> | to <side-or-corner>]?, <color-stop-list>.
Default angle: to bottom.
0deg angle: to top.
90deg angle: to right.
-90deg angle: to left.

.linear-gradient {
  width: 300px;
  height: 150px;
  background-image: linear-gradient(
    45deg,
    white 100px,
    skyblue 100px 200px,
    white 200px
  );
  border: solid deepskyblue;
}

Radial Gradient

Radial gradient:

[<ending-shape> || <size>]? [at <position>]?, <color-stop-list>.
<ending-shape>:
- ellipse (initial value).
- circle.
<size>.
- closest-side.
- farthest-side.
- closest-corner.
- farthest-corner.
- <length>: 单独一个值不能为 <percentage>.
- <length-percentage>{2}.

.radial-gradient {
  background-image: radial-gradient(50px, white, deepskyblue);
  background-image: radial-gradient(50px 50%, white, deepskyblue);
  background-image: radial-gradient(50% 50%, white, deepskyblue);
  background-image: radial-gradient(100px at 0 0, white, deepskyblue);
  background-image: radial-gradient(100px at left top, white, deepskyblue);
  background-image: radial-gradient(
    100px at right 100px bottom 100px,
    white,
    deepskyblue
  );
  background-image: radial-gradient(
    farthest-corner circle at right 100px bottom 100px,
    white,
    deepskyblue
  );
}

Conic Gradient

Conic gradient:

[from <angle>]? [at <position>]?, <angular-color-stop-list>.
Default angle: 0deg.

.pie {
  width: 150px;
  height: 150px;
  background: conic-gradient(yellowgreen 40%, gold 0deg 75%, deepskyblue 0deg);
  border-radius: 50%;
}

.color-picker-wheel {
  width: 150px;
  height: 150px;
  background: radial-gradient(closest-side circle, gray, transparent),
    conic-gradient(red, magenta, blue, aqua, lime, yellow, red);
  border-radius: 50%;
}

Gradient Reference

Background gradient loading spinner.
Background gradient shapes.

CSS Object

Object Fit

object-fit 只对替换元素 (replaced element) 有作用:

input.
select.
textarea.
img.
video.
iframe.
embed.
object.

object-fit 是作用于 replaced element 的 background-size, 可以处理图片拉伸变形与 Cumulative Layout Shift 问题:

fill.
contain.
cover.
none.
scale-down.

.image-container {
  position: relative;
  padding-bottom: calc(2 / 3) * 100%; /* (height / width) ratio */
}

.image-container > img {
  position: absolute;
  width: 100%;
  max-width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
}

.image-container > .aspect-ratio {
  width: 100%;
  aspect-ratio: 16 / 9;
  object-fit: cover;
}

Object Position

object-position 是作用于 replaced element 的 background-position:

img {
  /* <percentage> values */
  object-position: 25% 75%;

  /* Keyword values */
  object-position: top;
  object-position: bottom;
  object-position: left;
  object-position: right;
  object-position: center;

  /* <length> values */
  object-position: 0 0;
  object-position: 1cm 2cm;
  object-position: 10ch 8em;

  /* Edge offsets values */
  object-position: bottom 10px right 20px;
  object-position: right 3em bottom 10px;
  object-position: top 0 right 10px;
}

Replaced Media Size

Replaced media size normalize style:

input,
textarea,
img,
video,
object {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  max-width: 100%;
  height: auto;
}

Embed Object Container

<div class="embed-container">
  <iframe
    src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/B1_N28DA3gY"
    frameborder="0"
    allowfullscreen
  ></iframe>
</div>

<style>
  .embed-container {
    position: relative;
    max-width: 100%;
    height: 0;
    height: auto;
    padding-bottom: 56.25%;
    overflow: hidden;
  }

  .embed-container iframe,
  .embed-container object,
  .embed-container embed {
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
  }
</style>

CSS Shape

CSS shapes:

aspect-ratio.
border.
box-shadow (inset).
Background: position/size/color/image/gradient. In modern browsers, background shapes with transition/transform are better than pseudo elements.
clip-path.
mask
filter.
SVG:
- SVG icon.
- SVG filter.
- SVG clip-path.
- SVG mask.
Pseudo elements.

Shape Outside

shape-outside provides a way to customize wrapping effect for float element, combined with shape-margin `shape-image-threshold making it possible to wrap text around complex objects rather than simple boxes:

.shape {
  float: left;
  shape-outside: polygon(50% 0, 100% 50%, 50% 100%, 0 50%);
  shape-margin: 20px;
  shape-image-threshold: 20%;
}

Clip

clip 属性只对 absolute 与 fixed 元素起作用, 是对 overflow 属性的有力补充 (overflow 对于上述两种元素的裁剪作用有限):

auto.
rect(<top-length>, <right-length>, <bottom-length>, <left-length>).
clip 元素 clientWidth, clientHeight, computedStyle 保持不变: 仅视觉上裁剪, 元素尺寸仍为原本尺寸, 原始布局仍然保留.
clip 元素非可见部分无法响应点击事件.

.fixed-clip {
  position: fixed;
  clip: rect(30px 200px 200px 20px);
}

Clip Path

clip-path:

none.
<url>.
<geometry-box> || <basic-shape>:
- <geometry-box>:
  - border-box.
  - padding-box.
  - content-box.
  - margin-box.
  - fill-box.
  - stroke-box.
  - view-box.
- <basic-shape>:
clip-path 元素 clientWidth, clientHeight, computedStyle 保持不变: 仅视觉上裁剪, 元素尺寸仍为原本尺寸, 原始布局仍然保留.
clip-path 元素非可见部分无法响应点击事件.
<fill-rule> 用于确定复杂路径构成的图形的内部与外部, 内部填充, 外部透明.

NonZero Fill Rule

EvenOdd Fill Rule

Mask

mask:

元素应用 mask 属性遮罩效果后, 透明部分仍然可以响应点击事件.

Mask Image

mask-image:

none.
<url>#.
<gradient>#.
<image()>.
<image-set()>.
<paint()>.
<element()>.
<cross-fade()>.

Mask Mode

mask-mode:

match-source: 根据 mask-image 类型自动选择模式, SVG <mask> 元素 (url(#mask-id)) 为 luminance 模式, 其余场景 (包括 url('mask.svg')) 为 alpha 模式.
alpha: 基于透明度进行遮罩, alpha(100%) for show, transparent for hidden.
luminance: 基于亮度进行遮罩, alpha(100%) 且为亮色 for show, alpha(100%) 且为暗色 for hidden, transparent for hidden.

img.alpha-mask {
  mask-image: linear-gradient(black, transparent);
  mask-mode: alpha;
}

Mask Type

mask-type, 用于设置 SVG <mask> 元素的遮罩模式:

luminance.
mask.

Mask Repeat

mask-repeat:

Single Value	Two Value Equivalent
`no-repeat`	`no-repeat no-repeat`
`repeat-x`	`repeat no-repeat`
`repeat-y`	`no-repeat repeat`
`repeat`	`repeat repeat`
`space`	`space space`
`round`	`round round`

Mask Position

mask-position:

.mask-position {
  /* Keyword values */
  mask-position: center;
  mask-position: top right;
  mask-position: bottom left;

  /* <length-percentage> values */
  mask-position: 25% 75%;
  mask-position: 0 0;
  mask-position: 10% 8em;
}

Mask Clip

mask-clip:

border-box.
padding-box.
content-box.
margin-box.
fill-box.
stroke-box.
view-box.
no-clip.

Mask Origin

mask-origin:

border-box.
padding-box.
content-box.
margin-box.
fill-box.
stroke-box.
view-box.

Mask Size

mask-size

auto{1,2}.
cover.
contain.
<length-percentage>{12}.

Mask Composite

mask-composite:

add: 所有遮罩图片直接合成一个完整的遮罩.
subtract: 顶层遮罩图片中, 与底层遮罩图片重合的区域不显示遮罩.
intersect: 顶层遮罩图片中, 与底层遮罩图片重合的区域才显示遮罩.
exclude: 遮罩图片重合的区域被当作透明区域 (transparent), 其余区域直接合成一个完整的遮罩 (add).
mask-image 中语法越靠后的遮罩图片层叠等级越低.

.masked {
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
  background-color: #8cffa0;
  mask-image: url('https://mdn.mozillademos.org/files/12668/MDN.svg'),
    url('https://mdn.mozillademos.org/files/12676/star.svg');
  mask-size: 100% 100%;
  mask-composite: add;
}

CSS Filter and Blend

Filter

filter:

.filter {
  filter: blur(5px); /* 模糊 */
  filter: brightness(240%); /* 亮度 */
  filter: contrast(200%); /* 对比度 */
  filter: drop-shadow(16px 16px 20px blue); /* 投影 */
  filter: grayscale(50%); /* 灰度 */
  filter: hue-rotate(90deg); /* 色相旋转 */
  filter: invert(75%); /* 反相 (颜色翻转) */
  filter: opacity(25%); /* 透明度 */
  filter: saturate(30%); /* 饱和度 */
  filter: sepia(60%); /* 褐色 (老照片) */
  filter: url('resources.svg'); /* 引用 SVG filter 元素 */

  /* Apply multiple filters */
  filter: contrast(175%) brightness(3%);
}

Drop Shadow

filter: drop-shadow():

不支持多重阴影.
不支持内阴影.
不支持扩展阴影.
阴影会自动贴合形状:
- 伪元素.
- 自定义边框.
- 背景渐变.
- SVG 元素.

Backdrop Filter

backdrop-filter:

让当前元素所在区域后面的内容应用滤镜效果.

.dropdown-list {
  background: hsl(0deg 0% 100% / 75%);
  backdrop-filter: blur(5px);
}

若当前浏览器不支持 backdrop-filter, 可使用 pseudo element + filter 进行模拟:

/* 设置两张重合图片 */
body,
main::before {
  background: url('tiger.jpg') 0 / cover fixed;
}

main {
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
  background: hsl(0deg 0% 100% / 30%);
}

/* 模糊文字背景图片 */
main::before {
  position: absolute;
  inset: 0;
  margin: -30px;
  content: '';
  filter: blur(20px);
}

Blend Mode

<blend-mode>:

multiply:
- 正片叠底: $C=\frac{A \cdot B}{255}$ .
- 混合黑色变黑色.
- 混合白色不变色.
- 混合后颜色变暗.
screen:
- 滤色: $C=255-\frac{(255-A)(255-B)}{255}$ .
- 混合黑色不变色.
- 混合白色变白色.
- 混合后颜色变亮.
darken/lighten:
- 变暗: $C=\min(A, B)$ .
- 变亮: $C=\max(A, B)$ .
- 可用于实现渐变文字.
color-dodge:
- 颜色变淡: $C=A+\frac{A \cdot B}{255-B}$ .
- 可用于保护底图的高光, 适合处理高光下的人物照片: 通过将照片和特定颜色混合, 可以改变整个照片的色调 (暖色调或是冷色调), 同时不会影响人物高光区域的细节.
color-burn:
- 颜色加深: $C=A-\frac{(255-A)(255-B)}{B}$ .
- 可用于保护底图的阴影, 适合处理阴影丰富的照片: 通过将照片和特定颜色混合, 可以营造更加幽深的氛围.
overlay:
- 叠加 ( $A$ $A$ 为底图的色值):
  - $A\leqslant128$ : $C=\frac{A \cdot B}{128}$ .
  - $A\gt128$ : $C=255-\frac{(255-A)(255-B)}{128}$ .
- 底图的阴影 (黑色)和高光 (白色) 的颜色会被保留, 其他颜色的饱和度和对比度提高, 混合后的图像会更加鲜亮.
hard-light:
- 强光 ( $A$ $A$ 为底图的色值):
  - $B\leqslant128$ : $C=\frac{A \cdot B}{128}$ .
  - $B\gt128$ : $C=255-\frac{(255-A)(255-B)}{128}$ .
- 图像亮的地方更亮, 暗的地方更暗.
soft-light:
- 柔光 ( $A$ $A$ 为底图的色值):
  - $B\leqslant128$ : $C=\frac{A \cdot B}{128}+(\frac{A}{255})^2(255-2\cdot B)$ .
  - $B\gt128$ : $C=255-\frac{(255-A)(255-B)}{128}$ .
- 图像亮的地方轻微变亮, 暗的地方轻微变暗.
difference:
- 差值: $C=|A-B|$ .
- 若上层元素为 white, 则最终混合的颜色是底层元素颜色的反色.
exclusion:
- 排除: $C=A+B-\frac{A \cdot B}{128}$ .
hue:
- 色相混合.
- 混合后的颜色保留底图的饱和度和亮度, 使用顶图的色相.
- 将照片和渐变色进行色相混合, 可让照片呈现出丰富多彩的色调效果.
saturation:
- 饱和度混合.
- 混合后的颜色保留底图的色相和亮度, 使用顶图的饱和度.
luminosity:
- 亮度混合.
- 混合后的颜色保留底图的色相和饱和度, 使用顶图的亮度.
- 当底图是渐变图像或纯色图像, 上层元素是复杂图像时, 适合使用亮度混合模式.
color:
- 颜色混合.
- 混合后的颜色保留底图的亮度, 使用顶图的色相和饱和度.
- 通过使用 CSS 渐变让照片的色调变得丰富.

Mix Blend Mode

mix-blend-mode:

Used for multiple elements, e.g text styles.
通常把混合模式设置在顶层元素上: 当元素应用了混合模式时, 该元素会混合 z 轴上所有层叠顺序比其低的层叠元素.
multiply: black is cutout (keep black).
screen: white is cutout (keep white).

<div class="background">
  <h1>Even More CSS Secrets</h1>
</div>

<style>
  .background {
    background-image: url('bg.png');
    background-repeat: no-repeat;
    background-position: center;
    background-size: cover;
  }

  .background h1 {
    color: white; /* keep white */
    background-color: black; /* mix with background */
    mix-blend-mode: screen; /* screen or multiply  */
  }
</style>

Background Blend Mode

background-blend-mode

Used for multiple background-image.

.box {
  background: url('pic1.png'), url('pic2.png');
  background-size: cover;
  background-blend-mode: lighten; /* lighten, lighten */
}

.gradient-icon {
  background: linear-gradient(deepskyblue, deeppink), url('icon.png'), white;
  background-blend-mode: lighten, normal;
}

Filter and Blend Reference

Instagram filters.
Image effects.
PhotoShop blending modes ultimate guide.

SVG

SVG Size

Shape will zoom to fill size of SVG width and height:

<!-- viewBox = <min-x> <min-y> <width> <height> -->
<svg width="198px" height="188px" viewBox="0 0 99 94"></svg>

SVG Fill

<svg
  width="100px"
  height="100px"
  viewBox="0 0 100 100"
  version="1.1"
  xmlns="..."
>
  <title>My Awesome SVG</title>
  <circle class="circle" cx="50" cy="50" r="50" fill="#FFFF00" />
</svg>

<style>
  .circle {
    fill: currentcolor;
    fill-opacity: 0.5;
    fill-rule: nonzero;
  }
</style>

SVG Stroke

circle {
  stroke: blue;
  stroke-dasharray: 14px 4px 4px 4px; /* 实色长度 透明长度 实色长度 透明长度 ... */
  stroke-dashoffset: 0;
  stroke-linecap: round;
  stroke-linejoin: round;
  stroke-opacity: 0.5;
  stroke-width: 2px;
  paint-order: stroke;
  vector-effect: non-scaling-stroke;
}

利用 stroke-dasharray 与 stroke-dashoffset 实现动画线条:

<a class="container">
  <svg height="100%" width="100%" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    <rect class="outline" height="100%" width="100%" />
    <div class="text">SVG Animations</div>
  </svg>
</a>

<style>
  .container .outline {
    stroke-dasharray: 25 25;
    stroke-dashoffset: -588;
  }

  .container:hover .outline {
    stroke-dasharray: 50 50;
    stroke-dashoffset: -275;
  }
</style>

SVG Marker

<marker>:

polyline {
  marker-start: url('#marker-circle');
  marker-mid: url('#marker-circle');
  marker-end: url('#marker-arrow');
}

SVG Shape

Rectangles and squares: <rect>.
Circles: <circle>.
Ellipse: <ellipse>.
Line: <line>.
Polyline: <polyline>.
Polygon: <polygon>.
Path: <path>.

SVG Text

The text tag <text> is used to create selectable and accessible text:

text {
  /* SVG text vertical alignment */
  dominant-baseline: auto;
  dominant-baseline: middle;
  dominant-baseline: central;
  dominant-baseline: text-top;
  dominant-baseline: text-bottom;
  dominant-baseline: alphabetic;
  dominant-baseline: hanging;
  dominant-baseline: ideographic;
  dominant-baseline: mathematical;

  /* SVG text horizontal alignment */
  text-anchor: start;
  text-anchor: middle;
  text-anchor: end;
}

SVG Title

The title <title> and description <desc> tags are specifically for providing accessibility content.

SVG Group

The group tag <g> is used to group elements together to add class names and apply animations, filters, patterns and effects to a group of elements.

SVG Defs

The defs tag <defs> is used to define elements for later reuse. This is where you create marker, patterns, filters, masks to be reused later. This is also used to create icon systems.

<svg width="0" height="0" style="position: absolute;">
  <defs>
    <marker
      id="marker-circle"
      markerWidth="8"
      markerHeight="8"
      refX="4"
      refY="4"
    >
      <circle cx="4" cy="4" r="2.5" />
    </marker>
    <marker
      id="marker-arrow"
      markerWidth="12"
      markerHeight="12"
      refX="2"
      refY="6"
      orient="auto"
    >
      <path d="M2,3 L2,10 L8,6 L2,3" />
    </marker>
  </defs>
  <defs>
    <filter id="blur">
      <feGaussianBlur in="SourceGraphic" stdDeviation="5" />
    </filter>
  </defs>
</svg>

SVG Path

SVG path text:

<div class="circle-word">
  <svg
    width="400px"
    height="300px"
    viewBox="0 0 400 200"
    version="1.1"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
  >
    <defs>
      <path
        id="textCircle"
        d="M 20 100 A 80 80 0 0 0 180 100 A 80 80 0 0 0 20 100"
        fill="none"
        stroke="#333"
      ></path>
    </defs>
    <text class="textCircle" fill="yellowgreen">
      <textPath
        xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
        xlink:href="#textCircle"
      >
        这是一段随着 path 路径绘制的文字
      </textPath>
    </text>
  </svg>
</div>

SVG Clip Path

<svg class="svg">
  <clipPath id="circle" clipPathUnits="objectBoundingBox">
    <path
      d="M0.5,0 C0.776,0,1,0.224,1,0.5 C1,0.603,0.969,0.7,0.915,0.779 C0.897,0.767,0.876,0.76,0.853,0.76 C0.794,0.76,0.747,0.808,0.747,0.867 C0.747,0.888,0.753,0.908,0.764,0.925 C0.687,0.972,0.597,1,0.5,1 C0.224,1,0,0.776,0,0.5 C0,0.224,0.224,0,0.5,0"
    />
  </clipPath>
</svg>

.item {
  clip-path: url('#circle');
}

SVG Mask

Avatar with circle status indicator:

<svg role="none">
  <mask id="circle">
    <circle fill="white" cx="100" cy="100" r="100"></circle>
    <circle fill="black" cx="86%" cy="86%" r="18"></circle>
  </mask>
  <g mask="url(#circle)">
    <image
      x="0"
      y="0"
      width="100%"
      height="100%"
      xlink:href="avatar.jpg"
    ></image>
    <circle
      fill="none"
      cx="100"
      cy="100"
      r="100"
      stroke="rgb(0 0 0 / 10%)"
      stroke-width="2"
    ></circle>
  </g>
</svg>

SVG Filter

内投影滤镜:

<svg
  width="300"
  height="300"
  viewBox="0 0 20 20"
  style="position:absolute;left:-999px;"
>
  <filter id="inset-shadow">
    <!-- 投影偏移 -->
    <feOffset dx="0" dy="0" />
    <!-- 投影模糊 -->
    <feGaussianBlur stdDeviation="6" result="offset-blur" />
    <!-- 反转投影使其变成内投影 -->
    <feComposite
      operator="out"
      in="SourceGraphic"
      in2="offset-blur"
      result="inverse"
    />
    <!-- 内投影附加黑色 -->
    <feFlood flood-color="black" flood-opacity=".95" result="color" />
    <feComposite operator="in" in="color" in2="inverse" result="shadow" />
    <!-- 把内投影显示在图像上 -->
    <feComposite operator="over" in="shadow" in2="SourceGraphic" />
  </filter>
</svg>

毛玻璃滤镜:

<svg width="0" height="0" style="position:absolute;">
  <filter id="blur" color-interpolation-filters="sRGB">
    <feGaussianBlur stdDeviation="6" edgeMode="duplicate" />
    <feComponentTransfer>
      <feFuncA type="discrete" tableValues="0 1" />
    </feComponentTransfer>
  </filter>
</svg>

SVG glitch filter:

<svg>
  <defs>
    <filter id="fe1">
      <feTurbulence
        id="animation"
        type="fractalNoise"
        baseFrequency="0.00001 9.9999999"
        numOctaves="1"
        result="warp"
      >
        <animate
          attributeName="baseFrequency"
          from="0.00001 9.9999"
          to="0.00001 0.001"
          dur="2s"
          repeatCount="indefinite"
        />
      </feTurbulence>
      <feOffset dx="-90" dy="-90" result="warpOffset"></feOffset>
      <feDisplacementMap
        xChannelSelector="R"
        yChannelSelector="G"
        scale="30"
        in="SourceGraphic"
        in2="warpOffset"
      ></feDisplacementMap>
    </filter>
    <filter id="fe2">
      <feTurbulence
        id="animation"
        type="fractalNoise"
        baseFrequency="9.9999999 0.00001"
        numOctaves="1"
        result="warp"
      >
        <animate
          attributeName="baseFrequency"
          from="9.9999999 0.00001"
          to="0.009 0.00001"
          dur="2s"
          repeatCount="indefinite"
        />
      </feTurbulence>
      <feOffset dx="-90" dy="-90" result="warpOffset"></feOffset>
      <feDisplacementMap
        xChannelSelector="R"
        yChannelSelector="G"
        scale="30"
        in="SourceGraphic"
        in2="warpOffset"
      ></feDisplacementMap>
    </filter>
  </defs>
</svg>

SVG Animation

SVG CSS Animation

CSS animation on SVG properties:

circle {
  animation: zoom-in-out 1s infinite alternate;
}

@keyframes zoom-in-out {
  from {
    r: 60px;
  }

  to {
    r: 75px;
  }
}

SVG SMIL Animation

SVG SMIL animation:

<svg width="360" height="200" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
  <text font-family="microsoft yahei" font-size="40" x="0" y="0" fill="#cd0000">
    马
    <animateMotion
      path="M10,80 q100,120 120,20 q140,-50 160,0"
      begin="0s"
      dur="3s"
      rotate="auto"
      repeatCount="indefinite"
    />
  </text>
  <path
    d="M10,80 q100,120 120,20 q140,-50 160,0"
    stroke="#cd0000"
    stroke-width="2"
    fill="none"
  />
</svg>

SVG API

const svgElement = document.createElementNS(
  'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg',
  'svg'
);
const svgRectElement = document.createElementNS(
  'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg',
  'rect'
);

SVG Reference

SVG filter complete guide.

Media Query

Logical operators + media types + media features.
Only for improving compatibility with older browsers.
Definition order matters when media query with a different selector.
JavaScript API: window.matchMedia().

/* screen size : 500px ~ 1000px */
@media only screen and (width >= 500px) and (width <= 1000px) {
  .container {
    width: 750px;
  }
}

Media Logical Query

Logical operators

only: only specific media type.
not: negate entire media query.
and: all.
,: any.

CSS Media Queries Level 4:

@media (height > 600px) {
  body {
    line-height: 1.4;
  }
}

@media (400px <= width <= 700px) {
  body {
    line-height: 1.4;
  }
}

Media Type Query

Media types:

Type	Query
all	所有设备
print	文档打印或打印预览模式
screen	彩色电脑屏幕
Deprecated Query
braille	盲文
embossed	盲文打印
handheld	手持设备
projection	项目演示, 比如幻灯
speech	演讲
tty	固定字母间距的网格的媒体, 比如电传打字机
tv	电视

Media Feature Query

Media features:

Feature	Value	Min/Max	Query
grid	`<integer>`	no	是否基于格栅的设备
orientation	`portrait`/`landscape`	no	横屏或竖屏
aspect-ratio	`<integer>`/`<integer>`	yes	渲染界面宽高比例
device-aspect-ratio	`<integer>`/`<integer>`	yes	设备屏幕宽高比例
monochrome	`<integer>`	yes	缓冲器中每像素字节
resolution	`<resolution>`	yes	分辨率
width	`<length>`	yes	渲染界面的宽度
height	`<length>`	yes	渲染界面的高度
device-width	`<length>`	yes	设备屏幕的输出宽度
device-height	`<length>`	yes	设备屏幕的输出高度
color	`<integer>`	yes	每种色彩的字节数
color-index	`<integer>`	yes	色彩表中的色彩数

Print Device Query

@media print {
  header,
  footer {
    display: none;
  }

  table {
    color-adjust: exact;
  }

  h2 {
    break-before: page;
  }
}

Page style standard specification.
PDF style tutorial.

Hover and Pointer Device Query

Hover Query	Pointer Query	Device
none	coarse	smartphones, touch screens
none	fine	stylus-based screens
hover	coarse	smart TVs, video game consoles
hover	fine	desktop computers, laptops, touch pads

Hover Device Query

hover/any-hover:

none.
hover.

<a href="#">Try hovering over me!</a>

<style>
  @media (hover: hover) {
    a:hover {
      background: yellow;
    }
  }

  @media (any-hover: hover) {
    a:hover {
      background: yellow;
    }
  }
</style>

Pointer Device Query

pointer/any-pointer:

none: no pointer device (e.g phones).
coarse: limited accuracy pointer device (e.g smart TV, video game consoles).
fine: accurate pointer device (e.g mouse, touch pads, stylus).

<input id="test" type="checkbox" /> <label for="test">Look at me!</label>

<style>
  input[type='checkbox'] {
    margin: 0;
    appearance: none;
    border: solid;
  }

  input[type='checkbox']:checked {
    background: gray;
  }

  @media (pointer: fine) {
    input[type='checkbox'] {
      width: 15px;
      height: 15px;
      border-color: blue;
      border-width: 1px;
    }
  }

  @media (pointer: coarse) {
    input[type='checkbox'] {
      width: 30px;
      height: 30px;
      border-color: red;
      border-width: 2px;
    }
  }

  @media (any-pointer: fine) {
    input[type='checkbox'] {
      width: 15px;
      height: 15px;
      appearance: none;
      border: 1px solid blue;
    }
  }

  @media (any-pointer: coarse) {
    input[type='checkbox'] {
      width: 30px;
      height: 30px;
      appearance: none;
      border: 2px solid red;
    }
  }
</style>

Foldable Device Query

viewport-segments:

/* stylelint-disable-next-line media-feature-name-no-unknown */
@media (horizontal-viewport-segments <= 2) and (vertical-viewport-segments <= 1) {
  main article {
    flex: 1 1 env(viewport-segment-width 0 0);
  }

  main aside {
    flex: 1;
  }
}

Display Mode Query

display-mode:

fullscreen.
standalone.
minimal-ui.
browser.

@media all and (display-mode: fullscreen) {
  body {
    margin: 0;
    border: 5px solid black;
  }
}

Resolution Query

<resolution>:

<number>dpi.
<number>dpcm.
<number>x/<number>dppx: 1dppx = 96dpi.

/* Exact resolution */
@media (resolution <= 150dpi) {
  p {
    color: red;
  }
}

/* Minimum resolution */
@media (resolution >= 72dpi) {
  p {
    text-decoration: underline;
  }
}

/* Maximum resolution */
@media (resolution <= 300dpi) {
  p {
    background: yellow;
  }
}

Contrast Query

prefers-contrast:

less.
more.

@media (prefers-contrast: no-preference) {
  html {
    color: #333;
    background-color: #eee;
  }
}

@media (prefers-contrast: more) {
  html {
    color: #000;
    background-color: white;
  }
}

@media (prefers-contrast: less) {
  html {
    color: #555;
    background: conic-gradient(from 90deg at 50% -10%, #bbb, 50%, #999, #bbb);
  }
}

Color Scheme Query

prefers-color-scheme:

no-preference.
light.
dark.

.day {
  color: black;
  background: #eee;
}

.night {
  color: white;
  background: #333;
}

@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
  .day.dark-scheme {
    color: white;
    background: #333;
  }

  .night.dark-scheme {
    color: #ddd;
    background: black;
  }
}

@media (prefers-color-scheme: light) {
  .day.light-scheme {
    color: #555;
    background: white;
  }

  .night.light-scheme {
    color: black;
    background: #eee;
  }
}

Reduced Motion Query

prefers-reduced-motion:

no-preference.
reduce.

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  .animated {
    animation: none;
  }
}

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  *,
  ::before,
  ::after {
    background-attachment: initial !important;
    transition-delay: 0s !important;
    transition-duration: 0s !important;
    animation-duration: 1ms !important;
    animation-delay: -1ms !important;
    animation-iteration-count: 1 !important;
    scroll-behavior: auto !important;
  }
}

Media Query Support Detection

Detecting media query support in CSS:

/* stylelint-disable-next-line media-feature-name-no-unknown */
@media not all and (prefers-reduced-data), (prefers-reduced-data) {
  color: blue;
}

No support: not all and (prefers-reduced-data): false, (prefers-reduced-data): false, Combined: false.
Support, but off: not all and (prefers-reduced-data): true, (prefers-reduced-data): false, Combined: true.
Support, and on: not all and (prefers-reduced-data): false, (prefers-reduced-data): true, Combined: true.

Detecting media query support in JavaScript:

const query = '(prefers-reduced-data)';

// window.matchMedia(query).media return 'not all' or original query string
const resolvedMediaQuery = window.matchMedia(query).media;

const isSupported = query === resolvedMediaQuery;

Media Query API

Media query matchMedia:

// https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/MediaQueryList
const mql = window.matchMedia(mediaQueryString);

if (window.matchMedia('(min-width: 400px)').matches) {
  /* the view port is at least 400 pixels wide */
} else {
  /* the view port is less than 400 pixels wide */
}

Respond to media query changes:

const match = window.matchMedia('(min-width: 400px)');

match.addEventListener('change', e => {
  if (e.matches) {
    /* do a thing */
  } else {
    /* do another thing */
  }
});

Container Query

Container Size Query

当组件出现在同一视口大小 (viewport) 页面下的不同地方时, e.g .main > .button vs .sidebar > .button, 此时 @media 无法有效实现响应式组件, 使用 @container 可以有效实现响应式组件:

.sidebar {
  container-type: inline-size;
  container-name: sidebar;
}

@container sidebar (min-width: 400px) {
  .card {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 2fr 1fr;
  }
}

Container Style Query

@container style query direct parent:

@container style(color: hotpink) {
  .card {
    background: white;
  }
}

@container style(font-style: italic) {
  span,
  i,
  .etc {
    background: lavender;
  }
}

@container style(border-color: lightblue) {
  button {
    border-color: royalblue;
  }
}

@container style(--theme: dark) {
  .card {
    color: white;
    background: royalblue;
    border-color: navy;
  }

  .card button {
    color: white;
    background-color: dodgerblue;
    border-color: navy;
  }
}

/* Update the theme on hover */
.card:hover,
.card:focus {
  --theme: dark-hover;
}

/* Apply darkHover theme styles */
@container style(--theme: dark-hover) {
  .card {
    background: dodgerblue;
    border-color: navy;
  }

  .card button {
    background-color: royalblue;
    border-color: lightblue;
  }
}

@container (min-width: 420px) and style(--highlight: true) {
  /* Styles for only highlight components at a minimum width of 420px */
  .title {
    color: var(--highlight-color);
  }
}

@container style query non-direct parent:

<ul class="card-list">
  <li class="card-container">
    <div class="card"></div>
  </li>
</ul>

<style>
  .card-list {
    container-name: cards;
  }

  @container cards style(--theme: warm) {
    .card {
      background-color: wheat;
    }
  }
</style>

Feature Query

Supports At Rule

@supports:

@supports (transform-origin: 5% 5%) {
  font-size: 1rem;
}

@supports selector(A > B) {
  font-size: 1rem;
}

@supports not (not (transform-origin: 2px)) {
  font-size: 1rem;
}

@supports (display: grid) and (not (display: inline-grid)) {
  font-size: 1rem;
}

@supports (display: table-cell) and (display: flex) and (display: contents) {
  font-size: 1rem;
}

@supports (transform-style: preserve) or (-moz-transform-style: preserve) or
  (-o-transform-style: preserve) or (-webkit-transform-style: preserve) {
  font-size: 1rem;
}

Supports API

CSS.supports():

const result = CSS.supports('text-decoration-style', 'blink');
const result = CSS.supports('display: flex');
const result = CSS.supports('(--foo: red)');
const result = CSS.supports(`
  (transform-style: preserve) or (-moz-transform-style: preserve) or
  (-o-transform-style: preserve) or (-webkit-transform-style: preserve)
`);

CSS Accessibility

.sr-only {
  position: absolute;
  width: 1px;
  height: 1px;
  padding: 0;
  margin: -1px;
  overflow: hidden;
  clip: rect(0 0 0 0);
  clip-path: polygon(0 0, 0 0, 0 0);
  white-space: nowrap;
  border-width: 0;
}

.not-sr-only {
  position: static;
  width: auto;
  height: auto;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
  overflow: visible;
  clip: auto;
  clip-path: none;
  white-space: normal;
}

Focusable Areas

Focusable areas:

Elements whose tabindex value is not null.
The shapes of area elements in an image map.
The sub-widgets of elements: e.g video controls.
The scrollable regions of elements.
The viewport of a Document.
User agent focusable area.

Keyboard Styles

添加键盘访问样式:

outline.
:focus-visible.
:focus.

HTML Order vs CSS Order

HTML source order vs CSS display order:

float/absolute/flex/grid CSS display order can't change HTML source tab order.

Graceful Degradation

Write old browser css code, then write modern browser css code:

.grid {
  display: flex;

  /* old browser will ignore this rule */
  display: grid;
}

ARIA

W3C official ARIA examples.

DPR

Device pixel ratio (DPR):

一般情况下, PC 屏幕 DPR 为 1, 1 个逻辑像素 = 1 个物理像素, 移动端 DPR 为 2 或 3, 1 个逻辑像素 = 2 或 3 个物理像素, 由此产生 移动端/Retina 屏幕 1px 边框 (pixel border) 问题:

伪元素 + scale 变换.
border-image.
background-image.
background gradient.
box-shadow.
viewport + rem.

.scale-1px {
  position: relative;
  border: none;
}

.scale-1px::after {
  position: absolute;
  bottom: 0;
  width: 100%;
  height: 1px;
  content: '';
  background: #000;
  transform: scaleY(0.5);
  transform-origin: 0 0;
}

.border-image-1px {
  border-width: 0 0 1px;
  border-bottom: none;
  border-image: url('../img/line.png') 0 0 2 0 stretch;
}

.background-image-1px {
  background: url('../img/line.png') repeat-x left bottom;
  background-size: 100% 1px;
}

.background-gradient-1px {
  background:
    linear-gradient(#000, #000 100%, transparent 100%) left / 1px 100% no-repeat,
    linear-gradient(#000, #000 100%, transparent 100%) right / 1px 100% no-repeat,
    linear-gradient(#000, #000 100%, transparent 100%) top / 100% 1px no-repeat,
    linear-gradient(#000, #000 100%, transparent 100%) bottom / 100% 1px no-repeat;
}

.box-shadow-1px {
  box-shadow: inset 0 -1px 1px -1px #c8c7cc;
}

// Change viewport scale
const scale = 1 / window.devicePixelRatio;
const viewport = document.querySelector('meta[name="viewport"]');
viewport.setAttribute(
  'content',
  `width=device-width,user-scalable=no,initial-scale=${scale},maximum-scale=${scale},minimum-scale=${scale}`
);

// Set root font size
const docEl = document.documentElement;
const fontsize = `${10 * (docEl.clientWidth / 320)}px`;
docEl.style.fontSize = fontsize;

CSS Performance

Will Change

告知浏览器该元素会有哪些变化的方法, 浏览器可在元素属性真正发生变化之前提前做好对应的优化准备工作:

.will-change-parent:hover .will-change {
  will-change: auto;
  will-change: scroll-position;
  will-change: contents;

  /* <custom-ident> */
  will-change: transform;
  will-change: opacity;
  will-change: left, top;
}

Contain

CSS containment:

contain 属性允许开发者声明当前元素和它的内容尽可能的独立于 DOM 树的其他部分. 这使得浏览器在重新计算布局/样式/绘图或它们的组合的时候, 只会影响到有限的 DOM 区域, 而不是整个页面: none | strict | content | [ size || layout || style || paint ].
size containment: 声明这个元素的尺寸会变化, 不需要去检查它依赖关系中的尺寸变化.
layout containment: 声明没有外部元素可以影响它内部的布局, 反之亦然.
style containment: 声明那些同时会影响这个元素和其子孙元素的属性, 都在这个元素的包含范围内.
paint containment: 声明这个元素的子孙节点不会在它边缘外显示. 如果一个元素在视窗外或因其他原因导致不可见, 则同样保证它的子孙节点不会被显示.

.box {
  /* 无布局包含 */
  contain: none;

  /* 布局包含 size/layout/style/paint */
  contain: strict;

  /* 布局包含 layout/style/paint */
  contain: content;

  /* 布局包含 size */
  contain: size;

  /* 布局包含 layout */
  contain: layout;

  /* 布局包含 style */
  contain: style;

  /* 布局包含 paint */
  contain: paint;
}

Content Visibility

content-visibility:

visible: element contents are laid out and rendered as normal.
hidden: hide element while preserving its rendering state, if there are any changes that need to happen, they only happen when the element is shown again (i.e. content-visibility: hidden property is removed). display: none destroys element rendering state, visibility: hidden doesn't truly remove element.
auto: element turns on layout, style and paint containment, 可用于实现 lazy loading, virtualized list.

.content {
  /* Keyword values */
  content-visibility: visible;
  content-visibility: hidden;
  content-visibility: auto;

  /* <length> values */
  contain-intrinsic-size: 1000px;
  contain-intrinsic-size: 10rem;

  /* <percentage> value */
  contain-intrinsic-size: 10%;
}

.p {
  content-visibility: auto;
  contain-intrinsic-size: 320px; /* 预设高度, 防止滚动条频繁抖动 */
}

Prevent jittery scrollbar:

const observer = new ResizeObserver(entries => {
  for (const entry of entries) {
    if (entry.target.getBoundingClientRect().height > 0) {
      observer.unobserve(entry.target);
      entry.target.classList.remove('content-visibility-auto');
    }
  }
});

for (const element of document.querySelectorAll('.content-visibility-auto')) {
  observer.observe(element);
}

CSS Selectors Performance

减少选择器的复杂性, 与构造样式本身的其他工作相比, 选择器复杂性可以占用计算元素样式所需时间的 50%以上:

避免使用统配选择器: *.
避免使用后代选择器 (开销较高): .anchor .link -> .anchor-link.
避免使用标签子代选择器: .list > li -> .list > .item (better) -> .list-item (best).

CSS Triggers Performance

CSS triggers list.
JavaScript triggers list.

Avoid to frequently change CSS property and call JavaScript API triggering layout stage (reflow):

Layout stage triggers:
- display.
- position.
- float.
- top/bottom/left/right.
- width.
- height.
- min-height.
- margin.
- padding.
- border/border-width.
- overflow/overflow-y.
- font-family
- font-size.
- font-weight.
- white-space.
- line-height.
- vertical-align.
- text-align.
- clear.
Paint stage triggers:
- background/background-image/background-repeat/background-position/background-size
- border-radius/border-style.
- box-shadow.
- outline/outline-width/outline-style/outline-color.
- color.
- text-decoration.
- visibility.
Composite stage triggers:
- cursor.
- opacity.
- transform.
- z-index.

CSS Loading Performance

Avoid @import:
- In HTML.
- In CSS especially;
- Beware of oddities with the PreLoad Scanner.
Be wary of synchronous CSS and JavaScript order:
- JavaScript defined after CSS won't run until CSSOM is completed.
- If JavaScript doesn't depend on CSS: load it before CSS.
- If JavaScript does depend on CSS: load it after CSS.
Load CSS as the DOM needs it:
- Unblocks Start Render and allows progressive rendering.
- Avoid flash of un-styled content.
- Avoid re-rendering and repaint for initial page: put Critical CSS in HTML footer will lead to entire DOM re-rendering and repaint.
Lazyload any CSS not needed for Start Render:
- Only load Critical CSS in <head>.
- Splitting CSS into Media Queries.

<!-- Doesn't block rendering -->
<link rel="preload" href="/path/to/split.css" as="style" />

<!-- Loading media query -->
<link
  rel="stylesheet"
  href="/path/to/split.css"
  media="print"
  onload="this.media='all'"
/>

Animation Performance

High performance animations:

CSS 高性能动画三要素:
- absolute position: 脱离文档流, 不会导致其他元素重排或重绘.
- opacity: high performance trigger.
- transform: high performance trigger.
All animation: keyframe animation or transitions is best.
JS-based animation: requestAnimationFrame is better than setTimeout/setInterval.
Position animation: transform: translate(npx, npx) is better than top/right/bottom/left.
Scale animation: transform: scale(n) better than width/height.
Rotation animation: transform: rotate(deg) is better.
Opacity/visibility animation: opacity: 0...1 is better.

Animation Frame

window.requestAnimationFrame:

Reflow: JavaScript -> Style -> Layout -> Paint -> Composite.
Repaint: Paint -> Composite.

告诉浏览器希望执行动画并请求浏览器在下一次重绘之前调用指定的函数来更新动画. 该方法使用一个回调函数作为参数, 这个回调函数会在浏览器重绘之前调用.

若想要在下次重绘时产生另一个动画画面, callback 必须调用 requestAnimationFrame.

let start = null;
const element = document.getElementById('SomeElementYouWantToAnimate');
element.style.position = 'absolute';

function step(timestamp) {
  if (!start) {
    start = timestamp;
  }

  const progress = timestamp - start;
  element.style.left = `${Math.min(progress / 10, 200)}px`;

  if (progress < 2000) {
    window.requestAnimationFrame(step);
  }
}

window.requestAnimationFrame(step);

Animation DevTools

DevTools for Animation Performance.
Slower CPU simulation in performance panel.
Enable paint instrumentation in performance panel.
FPS meter in rendering panel.
Paint flashing in rendering panel.
layers panel.

CSS Imports Performance

link is parallel, @import isn't parallel.

CSS Performance Reference

CSS optimization guide.

CSS Hacks

Property Hacks

利用低版本浏览器无法识别新的属性值:

.loading {
  background: url('/images/loading.gif');
  background: url('/images/loading.png'), linear-gradient(transparent, transparent);
}

.shadow {
  border: 1px solid #ddd;
  border: 1px solid rgb(0 0 0 / 0%);
  box-shadow: 2px 2px;
}

Selector Hacks

利用低版本浏览器无法识别新的选择器 (,):

/* Webkit */
:-webkit-any(tag-not-found),
.class {
  font-size: 1rem;
}

/* Firefox */
tag-not-found::-moz-progress-bar,
.class {
  font-size: 1rem;
}

/* Chromium Edge */
tag-not-found::-ms-any,
.class {
  font-size: 1rem;
}

/* IE9+ */
:checked,
:disabled,
tag-not-found::before,
tag-not-found::after,
tag-not-found::selection,
.class {
  font-size: 1rem;
}

/* IE10+ */
:valid,
:invalid,
:required,
:optional,
.class {
  font-size: 1rem;
}

/* IE11+ */
tag-not-found::backdrop,
.class {
  font-size: 1rem;
}

CSS Hacks Reference

Browser hacks.

CSS Tools

PostCSS

CSS Vendor Prefix

CSS vendor prefix order:

-moz- rule.
-ms- rule.
-o- rule.
-webkit- rule.
Standard rule.

CSS Normalize

Modern normalize:

html,
body {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  height: 100%;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
  font-size: 100%;
}

body {
  min-height: 100vh;
  line-height: 1.5;
}

body,
h1,
h2,
h3,
h4,
p,
figure,
blockquote,
dl,
dd {
  margin: 0;
}

input,
textarea,
img,
video,
object {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  max-inline-size: 100%;
  max-width: 100%;
  block-size: auto;
  height: auto;
  aspect-ratio: 16/9;
  object-fit: cover;
}

button,
input,
textarea,
select {
  font: inherit;
}

button {
  padding: 0;
  font: inherit;
  color: inherit;
  text-align: inherit;
  appearance: none;
  cursor: pointer;
  background: none;
  border: none;
  border-radius: 0;
  box-shadow: none;
}

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  html:focus-within {
    scroll-behavior: auto;
  }

  *,
  *::before,
  *::after {
    transition-duration: 0.01ms !important;
    animation-duration: 0.01ms !important;
    animation-iteration-count: 1 !important;
    scroll-behavior: auto !important;
  }
}

CSS Feature Detection

<script>
  if (window.CSSPropertyRule) {
    const root = document.documentElement;
    root.classList.add('supports-at-property');
  }
</script>

<style>
  .supports-at-property optgroup {
    font-size: 0;
  }
</style>

StyleLint

stylelint-config-mass plugin index.js:

module.exports = {
  extends: ['stylelint-config-sass-guidelines'],
  rules: {
    'order/properties-order': [
      'position',
      'z-index',
      'top',
      'right',
      'bottom',
      'left',
      'box-sizing',
      'display',
      'visibility',
      'opacity',
      'mix-blend-mode',
      'isolation',
      'float',
      'clear',
      'flex',
      'flex-basis',
      'flex-direction',
      'flex-flow',
      'flex-grow',
      'flex-shrink',
      'flex-wrap',
      'grid',
      'grid-template',
      'grid-template-areas',
      'grid-template-rows',
      'grid-template-columns',
      'grid-area',
      'grid-row',
      'grid-row-start',
      'grid-row-end',
      'grid-column',
      'grid-column-start',
      'grid-column-end',
      'grid-auto-rows',
      'grid-auto-columns',
      'grid-auto-flow',
      'gap',
      'row-gap',
      'column-gap',
      'place-content',
      'place-items',
      'place-self',
      'align-content',
      'align-items',
      'align-self',
      'justify-content',
      'justify-items',
      'justify-self',
      'order',
      'columns',
      'column-gap',
      'column-fill',
      'column-rule',
      'column-rule-width',
      'column-rule-style',
      'column-rule-color',
      'column-span',
      'column-count',
      'column-width',
      'backface-visibility',
      'perspective',
      'perspective-origin',
      'transform',
      'transform-origin',
      'transform-style',
      'transition',
      'transition-delay',
      'transition-duration',
      'transition-property',
      'transition-timing-function',
      'width',
      'min-width',
      'max-width',
      'height',
      'min-height',
      'max-height',
      'overflow',
      'overflow-x',
      'overflow-y',
      'resize',
      'margin',
      'margin-top',
      'margin-right',
      'margin-bottom',
      'margin-left',
      'padding',
      'padding-top',
      'padding-right',
      'padding-bottom',
      'padding-left',
      'border',
      'border-top',
      'border-right',
      'border-bottom',
      'border-left',
      'border-width',
      'border-top-width',
      'border-right-width',
      'border-bottom-width',
      'border-left-width',
      'border-style',
      'border-top-style',
      'border-right-style',
      'border-bottom-style',
      'border-left-style',
      'border-radius',
      'border-top-left-radius',
      'border-top-right-radius',
      'border-bottom-left-radius',
      'border-bottom-right-radius',
      'border-color',
      'border-top-color',
      'border-right-color',
      'border-bottom-color',
      'border-left-color',
      'outline',
      'outline-offset',
      'outline-width',
      'outline-style',
      'outline-color',
      'box-shadow',
      'list-style',
      'list-style-type',
      'list-style-position',
      'list-style-image',
      'table-layout',
      'caption-side',
      'border-collapse',
      'border-spacing',
      'empty-cells',
      'animation',
      'animation-name',
      'animation-duration',
      'animation-timing-function',
      'animation-delay',
      'animation-iteration-count',
      'animation-direction',
      'animation-fill-mode',
      'animation-play-state',
      'background',
      'background-attachment',
      'background-clip',
      'background-color',
      'background-image',
      'background-origin',
      'background-position',
      'background-repeat',
      'background-size',
      'background-blend-mode',
      'cursor',
      'color',
      'font',
      'font-family',
      'font-kerning',
      'font-size',
      'font-size-adjust',
      'font-stretch',
      'font-weight',
      'font-smoothing',
      'osx-font-smoothing',
      'font-variant',
      'font-style',
      'tab-size',
      'text-align',
      'text-align-last',
      'text-justify',
      'text-indent',
      'text-transform',
      'text-decoration',
      'text-decoration-color',
      'text-decoration-line',
      'text-decoration-style',
      'text-decoration-thickness',
      'text-rendering',
      'text-shadow',
      'text-overflow',
      'line-height',
      'word-spacing',
      'letter-spacing',
      'white-space',
      'word-break',
      'word-wrap',
      'vertical-align',
      'content',
      'quotes',
      'counter-reset',
      'counter-increment',
      'page-break-before',
      'page-break-after',
      'page-break-inside',
      'pointer-events',
      'will-change',
    ],
    'order/properties-alphabetical-order': null,
    'selector-class-pattern': [
      '^[a-z0-9\\-\\_]+$',
      {
        message:
          'Selector should be written in lowercase with hyphens (selector-class-pattern)',
      },
    ],
  },
};

StyleLint plugins:

Ignored invalid properties checker.
CSS syntax validator.

Tailwind

Tailwind Configuration

JIT Mode

Missing .html/.tsx/.vue directory will lead to class purged.

Tailwind Directives

@layer base {
  h1 {
    @apply text-3xl;
  }
}

@layer components {
  .primary-btn {
    @apply bg-yellow-600 hover:bg-yellow-800 text-black font-bold py-4 px-6 shadow-md;
  }
}

@layer utilities {
  @variants hover {
    .padding-large {
      padding: 30px;
    }
  }

  @variants focus hover {
    .border-small {
      border: 1px solid #30485e;
    }

    .border-medium-dashed {
      border: 7px dashed #30485e;
    }
  }

  @responsive {
    /* generate for all breakpoints */
    .border-solid {
      border: 10px solid #30485e;
    }
  }

  @screen sm {
    /* generate for small screen breakpoint */
    .border-solid {
      border: 10px solid #30485e;
    }
  }
}

CSS Style Guide

CSS Property Order

显示属性 -> 自身属性 -> 文本属性.

Display Property Order

position.
z-index.
top.
right.
bottom.
left.
box-sizing.
display.
visibility.
float.
clear.

Self Property Order

width.
min-width.
max-width.
height.
min-height.
max-height.
overflow.
padding.
padding-top.
padding-right.
padding-bottom.
padding-left.
margin.
margin-top.
margin-right.
margin-bottom.
margin-left.
border.
border-width.
border-top-width.
border-right-width.
border-bottom-width.
border-left-width.
border-style.
border-top-style.
border-right-style.
border-bottom-style.
border-left-style.
border-color.
border-top-color.
border-right-color.
border-bottom-color.
border-left-color.
border-collapse.
border-spacing.
outline.
list-style.
table-layout.
caption-side.
empty-cells.
background.
background-color.
background-image.
background-repeat.
background-position.

Text Property Order

color.
font.
font-family.
font-size.
font-weight.
line-height.
text-align.
text-indent.
text-transform.
text-decoration.
letter-spacing.
word-spacing.
white-space.
vertical-align.
opacity.
cursor.
content.
quotes.

CSS Naming Convention

Layout Structure Naming Convention

容器: container.
页头: header.
内容: content.
页面主体: main.
页尾: footer.
导航: nav.
侧栏: sidebar.
栏目: column.
页面外围控制整体佈局宽度: wrapper.
左右中: left right center.

导航: nav.
主导航: main-nav.
子导航: sub-nav.
顶导航: top-nav.
边导航: sidebar.
左导航: left-sidebar.
右导航: right-sidebar.
菜单: menu.
子菜单: sub-menu.
标题: title.
摘要: summary.

Functional Component Naming Convention

标志: logo.
广告: banner.
登陆: login.
登录条: login-bar.
注册: register.
搜索: search.
功能区: shop.
标题: title.
加入: join us.
状态: status.
按钮: btn.
滚动: scroll.
标籤页: tab.
文章列表: list.
提示信息: msg.
当前的: current.
小技巧: tips.
图标: icon.
注释: note.
指南: guide.
服务: service.
热点: hot.
新闻: news.
下载: download.
投票: vote.
合作伙伴: partner.
友情链接: link.
版权: copyright.

CSS Files Naming Convention

abstracts: $variables, @mixin function.
vendors: external libraries (font-awesome, bootstrap).
base: normalize.css, reset.css, utils.css, font.css, base.css. (margin-right, text-center, float-right).
components: form.css, button.css, navbar.css, dropdown.css.
layout: columns.css, grid.css, header.css, footer.css, section.css, navigation.css.
pages: home.css, about.css.
themes: color.css, font.css.
main.css/app.css.

CSS Naming System and Architecture

BEM: blocks, elements and modifiers.
OOCSS: object oriented CSS.
SMACSS: scalable and modular CSS architecture.
ITCSS: inverted triangle CSS layers.

CSS Advanced Notes

CSS Border​

Border Radius​

Border Color​

Alpha Border​

Transparent Border​

Border Style​

Border Image​

Border Collapse​

Box Decoration Break​

Multiple Border​

CSS Outline​

CSS Shadow​

Text Shadow​

Box Shadow​

Basic Box Shadow​

Side Box Shadow​

Inset Box Shadow​

Neumorphic Box Shadow​

CSS Background​

Background Color​

Background Image​

Background Repeat​

Background Position​

Background Clip​

Background Origin​

Background Size​

Background Attachment​

Background Scroll View​

Background Parallax Effect​

CSS Gradient​

Color Stop List​

Linear Gradient​

Radial Gradient​

Conic Gradient​

Gradient Reference​

CSS Object​

Object Fit​

Object Position​

Replaced Media Size​

Embed Object Container​

CSS Shape​

Shape Outside​

Clip​

Clip Path​

Mask​

Mask Image​

Mask Mode​

Mask Type​

Mask Repeat​

Mask Position​

Mask Clip​

Mask Origin​

Mask Size​

Mask Composite​

CSS Filter and Blend​

Filter​

Backdrop Filter​

Blend Mode​

Mix Blend Mode​

Background Blend Mode​

Filter and Blend Reference​

SVG​

SVG Size​

SVG Fill​

SVG Stroke​

SVG Marker​

SVG Shape​

SVG Text​

SVG Title​

SVG Group​

SVG Defs​

SVG Path​

SVG Clip Path​

SVG Mask​

SVG Filter​

SVG Animation​

SVG CSS Animation​

SVG SMIL Animation​

SVG API​

CSS Border

Border Radius

Border Color

Alpha Border

Transparent Border

Border Style

Border Image

Border Collapse

Box Decoration Break

Multiple Border

CSS Outline

CSS Shadow

Text Shadow

Box Shadow

Basic Box Shadow

Side Box Shadow

Inset Box Shadow

Neumorphic Box Shadow

CSS Background

Background Color

Background Image

Background Repeat

Background Position

Background Clip

Background Origin

Background Size

Background Attachment

Background Scroll View

Background Parallax Effect

CSS Gradient

Color Stop List

Linear Gradient

Radial Gradient

Conic Gradient

Gradient Reference

CSS Object

Object Fit

Object Position

Replaced Media Size

Embed Object Container

CSS Shape

Shape Outside

Clip

Clip Path

Mask

Mask Image

Mask Mode

Mask Type

Mask Repeat

Mask Position

Mask Clip

Mask Origin

Mask Size

Mask Composite

CSS Filter and Blend

Filter

Backdrop Filter

Blend Mode

Mix Blend Mode

Background Blend Mode

Filter and Blend Reference

SVG

SVG Size

SVG Fill

SVG Stroke

SVG Marker

SVG Shape

SVG Text

SVG Title

SVG Group

SVG Defs

SVG Path

SVG Clip Path

SVG Mask

SVG Filter

SVG Animation

SVG CSS Animation

SVG SMIL Animation

SVG API

SVG Reference